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br In addition to the classic
2021-01-25
In addition to the classic nuclear genomic action, estrogens have been found to induce rapid effects occurring within minutes following administration. These effects are mediated through a subpopulation of estrogen receptors associated with the plasma membrane, a process usually termed “membrane-i
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Before addressing point by point the aforementioned topics
2021-01-25
Before addressing point-by-point the aforementioned topics in separate sub-sections it should be remarked that the strength of recommendations provided by guidelines is graded in three classes: I (evidence and/or general agreement that a given treatment or procedure is beneficial, useful,effective),
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In a study performed simultaneously by another group
2021-01-25
In a study performed simultaneously by another group, EWS-FLI-1 introduction into unsorted murine bone marrow-derived cholecystokinin receptor resulted in tumors with various phenotypes including one that is consistent with that of Ewing sarcoma [68]. The tumors expressed markers associated with Ew
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In addition to PGC transcriptional
2021-01-25
In addition to PGC1α, transcriptional co-repressors such as NCOR and RIP140 participate in oxidative muscle remodeling induced by exercise, whereby reductions in their expression and the resulting de-repression of downstream TFs activates oxidative gene expression (Seth et al., 2007, Yamamoto et al.
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Further modifications on the position of
2021-01-25
Further modifications on the 8-position of compound led to compound 4 (8-pCPT-2′--Me-cAMP, a.k.a. 007, ), which is a potent (half-maximal activation of EPAC1 at 2.2µM) and selective (about 100-fold EPAC/PKA selectivity) EPAC agonist. Since the discovery of compound , it has been widely used as a po
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br Future directions The proposed membrane topology model
2021-01-23
Future directions The proposed membrane topology model of DGAT1 has only three TMDs, with the N-terminus oriented toward the cytosol and the C-terminus in the ER lumen. The catalytic activity is exclusively on the luminal side of the ER membrane. The second and third TM domains are only about 10
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br Conclusion The results of the present
2021-01-23
Conclusion The results of the present study demonstrate that cysteinyl leukotrienes LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 cause moderate to marked whereas the dihydroxy leukotriene LTB4 causes small muscle contraction in the stomach in vitro. The LTD4-induced contraction is mediated by CysLT1 in fundus but by CysL
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br Discussion Variable estradiol effects on cell proliferati
2021-01-23
Discussion Variable estradiol effects on cell proliferation have been reported according to animal species, tissues, and type of estrogen receptor [16,21,22,[29], [30], [31]]. In the kidney, 17βE was found to increase [3H]-thymidine incorporation in primary rabbit kidney proximal tubule Z-VDVAD-F
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ALW-II-41-27 Prostanoids typically act in an autocrine and p
2021-01-23
Prostanoids typically act in an autocrine and paracrine fashion by binding to specific receptors in target ALW-II-41-27 and there is evidence that both PGE2 and prostacyclin may be required for the optimal activation of angiogenesis (Hata and Breyer, 2004). PGE2 and prostacyclin bind to their speci
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In sum although it is reasonable to assume
2021-01-23
In sum, although it is reasonable to assume that the activities of an enzyme on alternative (metabolically available) substrates may often depend on neutral drift, the point is difficult to prove because various types of selective pressures can be at play, and these will be different in different or
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br Iterative design approach overview An iterative
2021-01-23
Iterative design approach overview An iterative design strategy is used to identify a peptidase-resistant reporter that acts as an efficient substrate for kinases in cell lysates as well as intact cells (Fig. 1). In this process, small-scale, rationally designed libraries are used to screen pepti
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The host virus coexistence is completely dependent on
2021-01-23
The host-virus coexistence is completely dependent on the balance between a strong immune response inhibiting virus replication and immune evasion and survival of the virus with periodic shedding to enable transmission to new hosts. In the process of ensuring this balance, the virus manipulates 7TM
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How does an increase in E affinity for
2021-01-23
How does an increase in E2 affinity for the RING domain favor higher activity and polyubiquitination by the E2? Binding of the RING domain to the E2 positions the donor Ub in the E2~Ub conjugate in a closed complex [16], [17], [18] that increases the reactivity of the thioester [60]. A higher affini
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Cell migration and invasion are central processes in
2021-01-22
Cell migration and invasion are central processes in the development and metastasis of cancer. The regulation of cell migration by DDR1 has been reported in many types of cancer cell lines; however, conflicting results have been reported regarding the inhibitory as well as promotive effects of DDR1
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Preclinical and clinical research indicates that inflammatio
2021-01-22
Preclinical and clinical research indicates that inflammation contributes to the progression of ICH injury. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop interventions that can limit neuroinflammation and its detrimental effects on Deazaneplanocin function. Inflammatory cytokines are secreted in th
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